Shameful day for Kansas City, said the Rev. Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, campaigned for a federal fair housing law throughout 1966, National Association of Real Estate Boards, Post-civil rights era African-American history, List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States, "The Blackstone Rangers and the Civil Rights and Black Power Movement in Chicago", "Riots of 1968 were a watershed moment for KC", "10 Dead As Violence Continues In Major U.S. Cities; Troops Sent To Washington, Chicago, Detroit", "Sanitation Workers Remember King's Last Stand", "The Unmaking of the President: Lyndon Johnson believed that his withdrawal from the 1968 presidential campaign would free him to solidify his legacy", "Civil rights during the Johnson administration", "182 Letter to the Speaker of the House Urging Enactment of the Fair Housing Bill", "Recordings show Daley, LBJ worked to stem 1968 riots: President scolded mayor for not asking for help sooner", "Nation's capital still recovering from 1968 riots", "Darren Miles "Everett Dirksen's Role in Civil Rights Legislation" Western Illinois Historical Review, Vol. More than 300 people, most of them young black men, were arrested on charges ranging from assault and arson to looting and violating the mayor's emergency curfew. 425 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd Kansas City, MO 64110 Phone: 816-753-7600 . The riot was precipitated by King's assassination, but was also evidence of larger frustrations among the city's African-American population. But Austin said the mural he painted of Martin Luther King Jr. two decades ago can use some touching up . Summer protests last year over the police killing of George Floyd created a new sense of urgency around the issue, and Mayor Lucas directed the Parks Board to begin gathering public input on how best to honor King. Emotions reached a peak Sunday, when members of the "Save the Paseo" group staged a silent protest at a get-out-the-vote rally at a black church for people wanting to keep the King name. Store representatives agreed to integrate the restaurants that following spring. IE 11 is not supported. He's going to knock your block off. Above image credit: During one visit to Kansas City during the 1960s, Martin Luther King, Jr. sat for an interview with longtime Kansas City broadcaster Walt Bodine and his colleague Bill Griffith. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. I think Johnson started out in good faith, but somehow he has ended up with the illusion you can have guns and butter. Gray, who also joined the group of admirers in the airport lounge, disagreed with descriptions of Kings fear or fatigue. Open Neil. In the process, the Council did not adhere to an ordinance requiring most of a streets residents to approve a renaming. "Today, the Parks Board has chosen to defend and protect Black life and culture," he said. Either in personal encounters like that experienced by Gray, or during public speaking engagements, Kansas City area residents experienced Kings charisma and surpassing oratorical skills. And it must be realized that segregation is not only politically and economically wrong Its underlying theme is diametrically opposed to the Christian meaning. Kings April 11 appearance at St. Stephen Baptist Church at 1414 E. Truman Road occurred about two months after his face had appeared on the cover of Time magazine, which had described King as a minister who in little more than a year has risen from nowhere to become one of the nations remarkable leaders of men.. King sought . On March 15 King spoke to 400 persons at a Temple Brotherhood dinner at Congregation Bnai Jehudah, one of the oldest Reform Jewish congregations in the country and the oldest synagogue in the Kansas City area, then located at 69th Street and Holmes Road. The riot would have effects that shaped the image which white people would hold of Louisville's West End, that it was predominantly black and crime-ridden. There were 36 major fires reported between 4:00 pm and 10:00 pm alone. Goode also addressed some common negative perceptions about roadways named after King. Several memorials were held in tribute to King throughout the Los Angeles area on the days leading into his funeral service. By Sunday evening, 5,000 paratroopers, combat engineers, and artillerymen from the XVIII Airborne Corps in Fort Bragg, North Carolina, specially trained in tactics, including sniper school, were on the streets of Baltimore with fixed bayonets, and equipped with chemical (CS) disperser backpacks. Rynard said, thanks to the failed 2019 attempt to rename The Paseo after King, the city had already purchased the signs, and they should start to go up within the next two weeks, if not sooner.. Ms. Canadys former district included portions of the boulevard. Just over a year later King would revisit Municipal Auditorium, this time to address the annual Festival of Faith, an annual service observing the Protestant Reformation. Caused by. [citation needed], The two-day riot that occurred after King's assassination was small compared with riots in other cities, but its aftermath a .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}9+12-month occupation by the National Guard highlighted the depth of Wilmington's racial problem. This came right to the neighborhoods across the country. Kellie Jones, who has lived on what was the Paseo for 10 years, said that after the Council voted to change the name, her neighbors overwhelmingly said they opposed the renaming. That was the rhetoric: Kansas City can't be the city that takes Dr King's name down," Ms Canady says. The effort to overturn the citys decision and restore the name to Paseo Boulevard started this year. Ms. Jones has since become one of the leading activists for Save the Paseo. Kansas City, MO 64130 Phone: (816) 842-4545 Its black and brown people, its disenfranchised people and its people who feel like they do not have a voice.. They just do not think it should be Paseo Boulevard, which is also known as the Paseo. He said the protesters were welcome, but he asked them to consider the damage that would be done if Kansas City removed King's name. SHIPPING ADDRESS: Stowers Institute for Medical Research Attn: Zeitlinger Lab 901 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd Kansas City, MO 64110. Discover more unheard stories about Kansas City, every Thursday. Most white business owners quickly pulled out or were forced out of Parkland and surrounding areas. [1], Compared to the previous summer of rioting, the number of fatalities was lower, largely attributed to new procedures instituted by the federal government, and orders not to fire on looters. The resulting effects of the riot resulted in the arrest of over 100 adults, and left six dead and at least 20 admitted to hospitals. Riots occurred in Louisville, Kentucky, in May 1968. The proposal to remove Dr King's name claimed almost 70% of a public vote, preliminary results show. Kansas City, MO 64110. The next night, the city was put under curfew, and nearly 1,500 National Guardsmen were brought in to subdue the violence. During one convention session, a struggle for control of the speakers podium apparently contributed to the fall of a delegate, a Detroit minister, off the speakers platform and onto the convention hall floor. (Photo by Central Press/Getty Images) Wichita Fri., Jan 13, 7:06 pm, Alpha Phi Alpha Martin Luther King Jr. Celebration. The Washington, D.C., riots of April 48, 1968, resulted in Washington, along with Chicago and Baltimore, receiving the heaviest impact of the 110 cities to see unrest following the King assassination. For example, the Memphis sanitation strike, which was already underway, took on a new level of urgency. King likely had been invited to speak by Rabbi William Silverman, who had come to lead Bnai Jehudah in 1960 after proving to be an outspoken civil rights advocate in Tennessee. However, numerous businesses were still looted and set afire in Harlem and Brooklyn following the statement. Martin Luther King Jr. (1929 - 1968) addresses crowds during the March On Washington at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC, where he gave his 'I Have A Dream' speech. But the controversy over his anti-war position seemed to concern him while he had met with Kansas City area admirers in the airport lounge, said Chester Owens, Jr., a longtime Kansas City, Kansas, civil rights activist. Email me at. We spent about an hour with him and you could see, from my perspective, the fear in his eyes, Owens said. The approved route runs along Brush Creek, from the southern edge of the Country Club Plaza to where Blue Parkway meets Elmwood Boulevard. During the meeting, the Parks Board also submitted a request for the City Council to take up the renaming of this eastern section. He gave bits and pieces of several speeches that he had given, and there were parts of the I Have a Dream speech, which at that time was more than four years old. Ms. Canady and others say they are not against naming a street after Dr. King. Voters decided on Tuesday to strip the Rev. The Pentagon's Army Operations Center thus quickly began its response to the assassination on the night of April 4, directing air force transport planes to prepare for an occupation of Washington, D.C. Voters decided on Tuesday to strip the Rev. Some suburbanites grew fearful of traveling into Wilmington in broad daylight, even to attend church on Sunday morning. Kansas City is one of the only major US cities without a street named after the civil rights icon. The Rev. ", "We pushed a reset button," Ms Canady said. April 9, 1968. The next day, Mayor Richard J. Daley imposed a curfew on anyone under the age of 21, closed the streets to automobile traffic, and halted the sale of guns or ammunition. It once again makes Kansas City the rare major American city without a street named for him. Advisory Committee, which presented their findings to Kansas City Council two months later. [10], One of the major outcomes of the riot was the attention Governor Agnew received when he criticized local black leaders for not doing enough to help stop the disturbance. Dozens cheered as the . People wearing "Save The Paseo" shirts stand among attendees at a rally to keep a street named in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. at the Paseo Baptist Church in Kansas City on Nov. 3, 2019. Martin Luther King, Jr., whose birthday anniversary is being observed on Monday, Jan. 18, made at least six documented visits to the Kansas City area. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. "This isn't just a trivial street namingit's so much bigger," says Board Commissioner Chris Goode. It eventually expanded to consume a 28-block stretch of West Madison Street, with additional damage occurring on Roosevelt Road. Officials with the NAACP had criticized King for connecting the two issues the Vietnam War and civil rights. By 11pm, widespread looting had begun. He pursued direct engagement with the political system (as opposed to the separatist ideas of black nationalism). List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States, "It Finally Happened Here: The 1968 Riot in Kansas City, Missouri", "Riots of 1968 were a watershed moment for KC", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_Kansas_City,_Missouri,_riot&oldid=1157475465, This page was last edited on 28 May 2023, at 21:35. Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Parties to the civil conflict. Menu. I dont like to rewrite history, said Diane Euston, who is white and a leader of Save the Paseo. Riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. But as long as you have guns, you cant even get good oleomargarine.. The convention attracted about 10,000 delegates to Kansas Citys Municipal Auditorium, 301 W. 13th St., where they would vote on the new president. Martin Luther King is honoured by many cities, including Berkeley California, Martin Luther King was the most visible and inspirational figure in the US civil rights movement, The moment Americans heard Martin Luther King Jr had died. Jackson County. He urged Congress to pass the bill, starting with an April 5 letter addressed to the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, John William McCormack. Listing Information presented by local MLS brokerage: Zillow, Inc., local REALTOR- Terry York - (913) 213-6604. As rioting continued, African American plainclothes police officers and community leaders were sent to the worst areas to prevent further violence. Add your email below. KCUR serves the Kansas City region with breaking news and powerful storytelling. The .gov means it's official. [1], Mayor Ilus W. Davis decided to go to the marchers, meeting with them at Parade Park. Kansas City residents react to removing Martin Luther King's name from street. Over 200 buildings were damaged in the disturbance with damage costs running up to $10 million. His death led to anger and disillusionment, and feelings that, thereafter, only violent resistance to white supremacy could be effective. [14], Although not as large as other cities, violent disturbances did erupt in Detroit. In several instances, these disturbances were rapidly quelled through the use of bayonets and chemical dispersers by the XVIII Airborne units. ", "It means something to everyone in Kansas City," she said. [31] Later, Johnson would describe the domestic unrest as another front in the global war, criticizing Daley for not requesting troops sooner. The riots utterly devastated Washington's inner city economy. Disturbances erupted in Pittsburgh on April 5 and continued through April 11. Black citizens must not use violence to achieve integration because this will cause bitterness for generations to come, King told listeners in the auditorium of what is now Sumner Academy of Arts and Science at 1610 N. 8thSt. in Kansas City, Kansas. What's changed in America's most segregated city? Missouri. Voters in Kansas City, Missouri, overwhelmingly approved the removal of Martin Luther King's name from a major road, months after it was renamed. The Negro doesnt want to defeat his white brother, but to win friendship and equality.. Derek H. Alderman, a professor of geography at the University of Tennessee, has documented at least 955 streets in America named for the civil rights icon. Iowa Republicans announced Saturday that the party's presidential nominating caucuses will be held Jan. 15, on the federal holiday honoring Martin Luther King Jr., putting the first votes of the . Those visits ranged from April 1957 when King spoke at a Kansas City Baptist church when he was just emerging as a national figure, to January 1968 when he flew through what is now Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport while traveling to Kansas State University, where he was scheduled to speak. [27], On April 5, Johnson ordered mobilization of the Army and National Guard, particularly for D.C.[28], Some responded to the riots with suggestions for improving the conditions that engendered them. The minister later died at Kansas Citys Menorah Medical Center. The Rochester is a Kansas City Apartment located at 3949 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard. They did not respond to a request for comment. The property features 1 - 2 BR rental units available starting at $1052. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. PARK - Swope Pkwy, Kansas City, Missouri - Playgrounds - Yelp Martin Luther King, Jr. Park 4 reviews Unclaimed Playgrounds, Parks Edit See all 5 photos Write a review Add photo Location & Hours Swope Pkwy Kansas City, MO 64130 Get directions Edit business info You Might Also Consider Sponsored Alaska Saltwater Tours 2 The rioting in Kansas City did not erupt on April 4, like other cities of the United States affected directly by the assassination, but rather on April 9 after local events within the city. 6800 Martin Luther King Jr Blvd. Residents decided to revert it to Paseo Boulevard. Those who wanted Dr King's name removed said they respect his legacy, but criticised the council's decision to push the change through by waiving a requirement that 75% of property owners on the boulevard should approve it. "It holds kind of a special place in so many people's hearts and memories. He previously worked as a reporter in Sports and Metro, and his work has taken him to Nelson Mandela's funeral in South Africa and the Winter Olympics in Turin. [32] From the transcript:[33]. KANSAS CITY, Mo (AP) After years of debate and a divisive election, Kansas City will soon have a street route named for Martin Luther King Jr., removing . "What you have from us," Lucas said in a press conference after the board meeting, "is a commitment that we will continue to improve it, to make it better, to build it up.". Flatland contributor Brian Burnes is a Kansas City area writer. One thing I felt that often was lost on some people is that Dr. King was first, always, a man of God, a man of faith, a preacher, Gray said. Check your inbox, you should see something from us. Among the approximately 750 people who heard King speak was the late Dorothy Johnson, a former reporter for The Call, a weekly newspaper serving Black readers across the Kansas City area. I did, too, which surprised me. [21], The assassinations triggered active unrest in communities that were already discontented. According to a Parks Department timeline, the board of commissioners received in 2016 a letter from U.S. Rep. Emanuel Cleaver about a meeting with local clergy who proposed renaming The Paseo after King. Some black residents disputed that characterization. PHONE NUMBER: 816-926-4093 EMAIL: Dr. Julia Zeitlinger - jbz [at] stowers [dot] org Assistant, Sara Jackson - sbj [at] stowers [dot] org. As an old newspaper reporter, I had heard so many speeches.. Video, 00:01:24The moment Americans heard Martin Luther King Jr had died, Hollywood actors walk out over pay and AI worries, Watch: 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 India to launch rocket on Moon mission, 'I saw bodies dumped from lorry into mass grave', Inside El Salvadors secretive mega-jail. "I think that only if you are a black child growing up in the inner city lacking the kind of resources, lacking the kinds of images and models for mentoring, modeling, vocation and career, can you actually understand what that name on that sign can mean to a child in this community," Howard said. More than 200 Trenton businesses, mostly in Downtown, were ransacked and burned. It's a mischaracterization of what happened," Smith said. While Dr. Howard acknowledged that African-Americans were also part of the Save the Paseo group, he said it was far from a black grass-roots movement. Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who was one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination on April 4, 1968. By 8:30, the crowd began to disperse. CAPTCHA. Despite the end of legally mandated racial segregation, the historic neighborhoods of Shaw, the H Street Northeast corridor, and Columbia Heights, centered at the intersection of 14th and U Streets Northwest, remained the centers of African-American commercial life in the city. The Trenton Riots of 1968 were a major civil disturbance that took place during the week following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4. "Only if you are a black child growing up in the inner city lacking the kind of resources, lacking the kinds of images and models for mentoring, modelling, vocation and career, can you actually understand what that name on that sign can mean to a child in this community," Mr Howard said. One person was killed,[15] and gangs tossed objects at cars and smashed storefront windows along 12th Street on the west side.[16]. "I am standing here simply begging you to sit down. Her assignment: talk to the Black minister, civil rights leader and 1964 Nobel Peace Prize winner Martin Luther King, Jr. who had just flown into Kansas City. Dr. Howards organization had led a petition drive last year to get a ballot measure allowing voters to choose whether to rename Paseo Boulevard after Dr. King. African-Americans mostly live to the east of Troost Avenue. In the same call, Johnson told Daley he wanted to use a strategy of pre-emption: "I'd rather move them and not need them than need them and not have them. [12][13] The riot was sparked when Kansas City Police Department deployed tear gas against student protesters when they staged their performances outside City Hall. She continued: "Residents should not be silenced by special interest groups. It's not just historical on paper, it's historical in people's memory. [20], The disturbances had a longer-lasting effect. In Washington, D.C., poor urban planning decisions on the part of the federal and local government were an obstacle to recovery.[34]. Riots erupted in New York City the night King was murdered. In conversations with Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley, Johnson describes the complications with ordering federal troops before local governments have exhausted all options. And we put troops in every place they asked me to, and we came after it [in] reasonably good shape. My impression was that he was tired of having to talk about the same things over and over and over again, Worley said. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. [12][13], The deployment of tear gas dispersed the protesters from the area, but other citizens of the city began to riot as a result of the police action on the student protesters. Daley gave police the authority "to shoot to kill any arsonist or anyone with a Molotov cocktail in his hand and to shoot to maim or cripple anyone looting any stores in our city.". The north end of the boulevard is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. About 8,000 people attended the Nov. 4 event, organized by the Kansas City area Council of Churches. Rev Vernon Howard, president of Kansas City's SCLC, told The Associated Press news agency that renaming the street Dr Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard was meant to be a symbol for the city's black children. In the war in Vietnam, we have the most unjust, ill-conceived war in our history, King said at Ahearn Field House. 2023 BBC. Jackson and his followers disapproved of the nonviolent direct action protests such as lunch counter sit-ins and the Freedom Rides of earlier that year, in which protestors had ridden buses through the American South to demonstrate against segregated interstate bus policies. Firefighters quickly flooded the neighborhood, and Chicago's off-duty firefighters were told to report for duty. On April 5, one day after King was assassinated, violence sparked on the West side of Chicago. The debate over the name of the 10-mile boulevard on the city's mostly black east side began shortly after the council's decision in January to rename the street for King. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s name from a street in Kansas City, Mo., nine months after city leaders dedicated a major thoroughfare to the civil rights leader. "It's a beautiful day for this department," said Parks Director Teresa Rynard. The marches he helped lead as a civil rights leader always started with a church service.. Senator Robert Byrd suggested that Washington, D.C. ought to be occupied indefinitely by the army.[29]. [25] The meeting concluded with prayers at the Washington National Cathedral. U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations, Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act, King: A Filmed Record Montgomery to Memphis, The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306, Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story, Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King. Johnson chose to focus his political capital on a fair housing bill proposed by Senator Sam Ervin. [40] With newly urgent attention from White House legislative director Joseph Califano and Speaker of the House John McCormack, the billwhich was previously stalled that yearpassed the House by a wide margin on April 10. It was to these striking workers that King delivered his final speech, and in Memphis that he was killed. Dr. The City Council voted in January to rename the boulevard for King, responding to a yearslong effort from the city's black leaders and pressure from the local chapter of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a civil rights organization that King helped start. While this angered black people and white liberals, it caught the attention of Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon, who was looking for someone on his ticket who could counter George Wallace's American Independent Party campaign. There is pride of having a home along the Paseo, she said. Now, Mayor, if you want my judgment what's wrong, it's wrong with your not asking for it. [5] Although the media called these events "race riots", there were few confirmed acts of violence between black and white people. Amenities include Dogs Ok, Cats Ok, Pet Friendly Community, Pet Park, and In-Unit Laundry. King and Haley had been students together at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia. It also crosses the historic Troost divide, linking east and west parts of Kansas City that for decades have been populated by mostly Black or white residents, respectively. Ms. Jones emphasized that she and other members of the group were not opposed to naming a street after Dr. King and that their opposition was concerned with how the renaming was done without enough public input. The Paseo was named after Paseo de la Reforma, a grand thoroughfare in Mexico City. Many of those meeting with King in the airport lounge were friends of Kansas State Sen. George Haley. Before traveling to the campus in Manhattan, Kansas, King visited with friends and admirers in a Kansas City airport lounge. This apartment community was built in 1970 and has 4 stories with 108 units. "[24], On April 5, at 11:00AM, Johnson met with an array of leaders in the Cabinet Room. KANSAS CITY, Mo. About 65 percent of voters decided they preferred the name Paseo Boulevard, according to unofficial election results released by the city. KC Parks: Bruce R. Watkins Cultural Heritage Center. The Center is named in honor of Bruce R. Watkins, a political and social activist. Map. Supporters of the Paseo name rejected the allegations of racism, saying they have respect for King and want the city to find a way to honor him. Like what youre reading? If the sign is taken down "the reverse will be true", he added. Over 100 businesses were either looted or burned in the Hill District, Homewood, and North Side neighborhoods with various structures being set afire by arsonists. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day is Monday, Jan. 17. Kings next visit to Kansas City, only a few months later, would prove contentious. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. During the subsequent spring and summer of 1957, King made more than 50 public appearances in an attempt to build the successful boycott into a national civil rights movement, showcasing the power of nonviolent social action. [30] The Rules Committee, "jolted by the repeated civil disturbances virtually outside its door," finally ended its hearings on April 8. This property is pet friendly. The moment Americans heard Martin Luther King Jr had died. Today's federal holiday honoring the Civil Rights leader is observed as "a day on, not day off" with a focus on serving the community. But a group of residents intent on keeping The Paseo name began collecting petitions to put the name change on the ballot and achieved that goal in April. Approximately 10,500 police were sent in, and by April 6, more than 6,700 Illinois National Guard troops had arrived in Chicago with 5,000 regular Army soldiers from the 1st Armored and 5th Infantry Divisions being ordered into the city by President Johnson. They walked into the Paseo Baptist Church and stood along its two aisles. The group got more than 2,800 signatures, leading to Tuesdays vote. One can deal with an unjust system and still maintain love for those who, perhaps by training, were caught up in the system.. The protesters stood silently and did not react to several speakers that accused them of being disrespectful in a church but they also refused requests from preachers to sit down. See all available apartments for rent at Martin Luther King Village Apartments in Kansas City, MO. [6], In New York City, mayor John Lindsay traveled directly into Harlem, telling black residents that he regretted King's death and was working against poverty. Submit. However the small and unprepared police response simply upset the crowd more, which continued to grow. Damages reached $27 million. Dr. Vernon Howard, who supported Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, spoke at Paseo Baptist Church in Kansas City, Mo., on Sunday. [24], For some liberals and civil rights advocates, the riots were a turning point. After Davis joined several leaders from the Black community in talking with the marchers, he then joined the others to lead the march the remaining distance to City Hall. Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? [3][4], The protesters were mostly black; not all were poor. I don't know why we're so surprised. President Johnson: [Unclear] Goddammit, I don't know how we handle these things. A sign along Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard encouraged voters to change the streets name. A general curfew was set at 6 p.m. in the city limits and martial law was enforced. In addition to 16 injured policemen, 15 firefighters were treated at city hospitals for smoke inhalation, burns, sprains and cuts suffered while fighting raging blazes or for injuries inflicted by rioters.
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