This led to the development of a Mori protest movement which in turn led to greater recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi in the late 20th century. The history of Jarvis Island begins with the island's first known sighting by Europeans was on 21 August 1821 by the British ship Eliza Francis (or Eliza Frances) owned by Edward, Thomas and William Jarvis[44][45] and commanded by Captain Brown. Australia and Oceania: Human Geography - National Geographic Society The first European contact was that of Spanish explorer lvaro de Mendaa de Neira whose expedition first sighted Santa Isabel island on 7 February 1568. Temporal trends in the Colonisation of the Pacific - Springer The archaeological evidence for inter-island contact now is very strong and people were moving around between these islands after they were settled, Kirch says. 1,808. When Islands Pop Out Of The Sea : NPR The population of the Pacific Islands is concentrated in Papua New Guinea, New Zealand (which has a majority of people of European descent ), Hawaii, Fiji, and Solomon Islands. The modern history of Niue can be traced back to 1774 with the arrival of Captain James Cook. Please help improve the article by merging similar sections and removing unneeded subheaders. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no Advertising Notice Brian Handwerk Pacific Island countries are at the forefront of climate change and disasters, and projects across the region are helping to strengthen countriesresilience. Chamorro) history into three periods: "Pre-Latte" (BC 2000? The history of Guam involves phases including the early arrival of people known today as the ancient Chamorros, the development of "pre-contact" society, Spanish colonization, and the present American rule of the island. World Bank-fundedtransportinfrastructurecontinues to improve life across the Pacific Islands. Tasman sea. In 2016, the Kiribati Road Rehabilitation Project opened animproved road network,including works on the only main road through South Tarawa used by the entire population of 50,000 people; the largest infrastructure investment in the country since World War II. They used a software to analyse samples from 430 inhabitants across 21 different islands to identify recurring gene patterns specific to Polynesians, blocking out DNA sequences associated with European or other ancestry. Archaeological evidence shows that the first settlers in Tonga sailed from the Santa Cruz Islands, as part of the original Austronesian-speakers' (Lapita) migration which originated out of southeast Asia some 6,000 years before present. From about the 11th century Polynesians also arrived and mixed with the populations of the archipelago. The first European contact with Vanuatu came in 1606, when a Spanish expedition led by the Portuguese explorer Pedro Fernndez de Quirs discovered Espiritu Santo, naming it Australia del Espiritu Santo, believing he had arrived in the southern continent. History of American Samoa begins with inhabitation as early as 1000 BC, Samoa was not reached by European explorers until the 18th century.[38]. Christianity was brought to the island by Peniamina in the year 1846 when he got converted during his stay at Samoa. 57.8 x 47.3 in. Polynesia encompasses a huge triangular area of the east-central Pacific Ocean. ThePacific Data Hubhas now made available a comprehensivepopulation dashboard for all 22 Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Ethnic groups. The Cook Islands' main population centre is on the island of Rarotonga, which has an international airport. There was extensive European and some Asian settlement throughout the rest of the century. September 22, 2021 Island-hopping: Genetics reveal how humans settled remote Pacific by Natalie Handel People in the Marquesas islands are genetically close to the people of Easter Island. These people are thought to have occupied New Guinea tens of millennia ago and reached the islands 35,000 years ago (according to radiocarbon dating). They arrived in Indonesia around 2000BC, and confined the native Melanesian peoples to the far eastern regions as they expanded. It did not say how far the warships were from the island's coast. Around 1500 BC Fiji was settled by Austronesian seafarers. History of the Pacific Islands - Wikipedia They vary greatly in size, climate, and the kinds of organisms . . We face big challenges to help the worlds poorest people and ensure that everyone sees benefits from economic growth. This poster provides updated population pyramids for all Pacific Island Countries and Territories, showing the age-sex profiles now and in the future. Easter Island's famous megaliths have relatives on islands thousands of miles to the north and westand so did the people who created them, a study said Wednesday. Tokelauan society was governed by chiefly clans, and there were occasional inter-atoll skirmishes and wars as well as inter-marriage. The islands were given their name by the Spanish explorer lvaro de Mendaa de Neira who reached them on 21 July 1595. The coast of Chile lies 2,300 miles to the east, Tahiti 2,500 miles to the northwest, and the nearest island, with a total population of 54 people, is tiny Pitcairn, 1,400 miles to the west. The World Bank Group works in every major area of development. Following papal mediation and German compensation of $4.5 million, Spain recognized Germany's claim in 1885, which established a protectorate and set up trading stations on the islands of Jaluit and Ebon to carry out the flourishing copra (dried coconut meat) trade. The decline of the Bruneian Empire culminated in the 19th century when Brunei lost much of its territory to the White Rajahs of Sarawak, resulting in its current small landmass and separation into two parts. www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03902-8, Did ancient Americans settle in Polynesia? to between 940 and 1130 C.E.[5][6][7]. Searching the genomes of humans on widely scattered islands and tracking changes has allowed scientists to map their epic journeys in time and space. Long-term World Bank support in Tonga has also helped upgrade and reconstruct critical infrastructure across the country, including more than 125 classrooms, two new Emergency Operation Centers and better multi-hazard early warning systems. Later, Dutch, French and British navigators visited the islands; their reception was often hostile. Today, the bulk of the contemporary Taiwanese Aborigine population reside in the mountains and the cities. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. | READ MORE. TheSamoa Health System Strengthening Programaims to improve access to health care in rural areas, particularly focusing on addressing non-communicable diseases. Additionally, the World Bank has provided considerable support to the development or redevelopment of major airports and other aviation infrastructure inKiribati,Samoa,Solomon Islands, Tonga,TuvaluandVanuatu. Get the latest Science stories in your inbox. After World War I, the League of Nations carved up Samoa. The truth behind the 'walking' statues of Easter Island - BBC These results suggest that in the earliest seafarers, matrilocality was the rule." Those things include clearly related languages on widely scattered. The British explorer James Cook sighted Grande Terre in 1774 and named it New Caledonia, Caledonia being the Latin name for Scotland. Which three countries are the most populous in Oceania? In 1997, Samoa officially dropped the 'Western' from its name as it was an appendage from its colonial era. Pacific Islander - Wikipedia The study of language evolution suggests that there was considerable inter-island contact during the era when Eastern Polynesia was settled. How many regions is Oceania divided into? Most Pacific Islands are densely populated, and habitation tends to be concentrated along the coasts. Although the first arrivals were hunter-gatherers, early evidence shows that people managed the forest environment to provide food. The term, in its widest sense, embraces the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas. Siapo, Samoa, collected around 1910. Here we illustrate a scenario in which the first introduction of three . Self-ruled Taiwan reports a near-daily presence of Chinese vessels and aircraft operating around the island. The Population poster includes the most recent census-based demographic statistics and indicators for twenty one Pacific Island Countries and Territories. European explorers did not return until two centuries later. In recent years, the World Bank has also provided immediate cash support to Pacific countries hit by major disasters, including Tuvalu (Cyclone Tino, 2020), Samoa (measles outbreak, 2019) Tonga (Cyclone Harold, 2020; the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haapai volcano and tsunami, 2022) and Vanuatu (Cyclone Harold, 2020) to help support urgent response and recovery. [17] Taiwan's Austronesian speakers were traditionally distributed over much of the island's rugged central mountain range and concentrated in villages along the alluvial plains. Due to high population growthandhigh unemployment, access to jobsis critical in many Pacific countries. FILE - The American and Chinese flags wave at Genting Snow Park ahead of the 2022 Winter Olympics, in Zhangjiakou, China, on Feb. 2, 2022. Digital developmentof the region throughthePacific Regional Connectivity Projectis reducing the cost and increasing the availability ofinformation and communication technology servicesneeded to support social and economic development in the Pacific. Around 1500 BC Fiji was settled by Austronesian seafarers. To support jobs and vulnerable communities in Solomon Islands, more than 18,000 young people have undertaken over one million days of work and training through the Rapid Employment Project and its successor, the Community Access and Urban Services Enhancement Project, which has expanded from Honiara to other major towns, including Auki, Gizo, Noro and Munda. What is the population of the Oceania/Pacific region? Pacific Island Populations 2020 - Pacific Data Hub The original inhabitants of Guam are believed to be descendants of Indigenous Taiwanese People originating from the high mountains of Taiwan as early as 4,000 BC, having linguistic and cultural similarities to Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The World Banks Pacific Island member countries have a combined population of about 2.3 million people across a unique and diverse region. Since many Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) have very small populations, estimates of fertility and mortality, particularly in the smaller countries and territories in Micronesia and Polynesia, are often presented as multi-year averages in order to provide more robust figures. In the history of Marquesas Islands, the first recorded settlers of the Marquesas were Polynesians, who, from archological evidence, are believed to have arrived before 100 AD. Population count at last census Population au dernier recensement Density (persons/km2) Densit (habitants/km2) AnnualIntercensal Growth Rate Average Household Size Taille moyenne des mnages Death Rate aMigration Estimated Average Growth Rate Annual Growth Rate() Tx brut de mortalit a ()Rate () Tx brut de migration nette () 2020 [8] Dong Son culture spread to Indonesia bringing with it techniques of wet-field rice cultivation, ritual buffalo sacrifice, bronze casting, megalithic practises, and ikat weaving methods. NHM A.8371.64-340 Oceania | Definition, Population, Maps, & Facts | Britannica Key demographic indicators, such as fertility, mortality and rates of growth in urban areas are also provided, allowing comparisons to be made across the region. Then they used computational analyses on these large numbers of modern genomes to track genetic variants down through the generations. In the history of Indonesia, Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan. However, archaeological evidence indicates that people were living on the islands of Japan as early as the upper paleolithic period. Westerners arrived in Caroline Islands in 1525, by the Portuguese Diogo da Rocha and his pilot Gomes de Sequeira, naming them the Sequeira Islands. One important early king was Roy Mata, who united several tribes, and was buried in a large mound with several retainers. 0. European explorers first the Portuguese in search of the Spice Islands (Indonesia) and then the Spanish reached the Carolines in the 16th century, with the Spanish establishing sovereignty. The evidence doesn't stack up, James Webb Space Telescope finds possible evidence of dark stars, Deep sea mining plans could interfere with fish populations forced to move due to climate change, Fossilized inner ears of fish used to correlate marine ecosystem health with ocean temperature over 460,000 years, Study sets new constraints on the kinetic mixing of hidden photon dark matter, Acidifying oceans will cause a diversity and survival crisis for microscopic marine organisms, finds research, Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletter are free features that allow you to receive your favorite sci-tech news updates in your email inbox. For general feedback, use the public comments section below (please adhere to guidelines). 1 of 4 The ocean and navigation are integral parts of Oceanic cultures, and these themes were depicted on tapa as well. By 500 BC, Melanesian seafarers had reached Fiji and intermarried with the Austronesian inhabitants, giving rise to the modern Fijian people. This document is subject to copyright. TheMarshall Islands Multisectoral Early Childhood Development Project, through its first and Second Phase, is investing in maternal and child health, as well as early childhood stimulation and preschool services, with a focus on the first 1,000 days of life. Archaeological evidence indicates that history of Tokelau's atolAtafu, Nukunonu, and Fakaofowere settled about 1,000 years ago, probably by voyages from Samoa, the Cook Islands and Tuvalu. The population is concentrated in Papua New Guinea, New Zealand (which has a majority of people of European descent), Hawaii, Fiji, and Solomon Islands. The projects success has led to a new project, theSamoa Agriculture & Fisheries Productivity and Marketing Project, which also includes a new focus on fisheries. [5] Estimates for the date of first settlement of the Hawai'ian islands range from the 3rd century C.E. They are the homes of tall brown-skinned Polynesian peoples, best known of the islanders to Americans because the Hawaiians are of this type. Your Privacy Rights Today, people on Rapa Nui, also known as Easter Island, and four other Polynesian islands carry. In 1819 the island of Funafuti was named Ellice's Island; the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay (18121876). Population Distribution in the Pacific Islands, Proximity to Coastal Although the first European sighting of the islands was by a Spanish ship in 1606, Spain made no effort to trade with or colonize the island. The dashboard is designed to be an interactive data visualisation tool where users can see various population indicators, charts and maps filterable by country or territory. The results of a new study suggest that they did. Does this cloth look to have stars and waves patterns depicted on it? Using cutting-edge analysis of modern DNA, Ioannidis and his team were able to map and date the first Polynesians' path of settlement, which began in Samoa and fanned out across the Pacific between the years 830 and 1360. Although the original culture no longer exists, it is now being revived with contemporary alternatives and similarities in styles with all the other pacific islands. In 1767 Captain Philip Carteret rediscovered Santa Cruz and Malaita. Samoa, Fiji). Continents are also surrounded by water, but because they are so big, they are not considered islands.Australia, the smallest continent, is more than three times the size of Greenland, the largest island. Archaeological evidence indicates that humans arrived on New Guinea at least 60,000 years ago, probably by sea from Southeast Asia during an ice age period when the sea was lower and distances between islands shorter. "Reconstructing History: Literature, History, and Anthropology in the Pacific". Facing extinction, Tuvalu considers the digital clone of a country I was really shocked that this island we had found was genetically connected, but isnt really well known, [and] also turns out to also have these huge statues.. The remoteness of many of the Pacific Island countries provided some initial protection from theglobalCOVID-19pandemic, yet outbreaks eventually occurred across the region. In the history of Tuamotu, the Tuamotus were first discovered by a Spanish expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. Global data and statistics, research and publications, and topics in poverty and development, Pacific Islands unit based in Sydney (+61-2) 9223 7773, The World Banks digital platform for live-streaming, Environmental and Social Policies for Projects, International Development Association (IDA), The 2050 Strategy for the Blue Pacific Continent, Pacific Islands Regional Oceanscape Program, Fiji Transport Infrastructure Investment Project, Skills and Employment for Tongans Project, Community Access and Urban Services Enhancement Project, World Bank provided a rapid delivery of $8 million in funding, Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haapai volcano and tsunami, 2022, the first ever Green Bond from a developing country, better prepare them for the impacts of climate change, supported crop and livestock farmers to improve their productivity, importation of new sheep and cattle breeds, renewable energy project in Solomon Islands, Brochure: Our work in the Pacific Islands. Spanish ships visited the islands in the 16thcentury; the first written record of contact with the islands came with the sighting of Pukapuka by Spanish sailor lvaro de Mendaa de Neira in 1595 who called it San Bernardo (Saint Bernard). The Cook Islands is made up of 15 small island groups with an estimated population of 14,974. [3] The country is named after British captain Captain James Cook who surveyed and landed on some of the islands between 1774 and 1777. In Vanuatu, work is underway on critical upgrades to 65 kilometers of road on the island of Espiritu Santo, and, in Samoa, work on the West Coast Road has connected the capital Apia with the international airport and inter-island port, including the construction of the new Maliolio Bridge on Savaii island and the new Moamoa Bridge on Upolu island, enabling river crossings during severe weather events. [16] The Taiwanese Aborigines are Austronesian peoples, with linguistic and genetic ties to other Austronesian ethnic groups, such as peoples of the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and Oceania. Though early Spanish navigators in the area (from 1543) called them the Nuevas Filipinas ("New Philippines"), Admiral Francisco Lazeano named them the Carolinas after the Spanish King Charles II in 1686. Faced with high secondary school drop-out rates, theSkills and Employment for Tongans Projectis supporting the Tongan government to implement a cash transfer program to incentivize families to keep their children in secondary school. Ed. At the beginning 18th century the first Christian missionaries arrived. The three atolls functioned largely independently while maintaining social and linguistic cohesion. Coastal proximity of populations in 22 Pacific Island Countries - PLOS Watch this video to see a realistic and promising picture of what is achievable in the Pacific by the year 2040. We provide a wide array of financial products and technical assistance, and we help countries share and apply innovative knowledge and solutions to the challenges they face. They were named for English explorer John Marshall, who visited them in 1799. X-ray fluorescence traces the stone tools found on numerous islands to specific query sources in the Marquesas and Austral Islands, showing that adzes and other tools were taken to far flung islands on long canoe voyages. Researchers of the History of the Marshall Islands agree on little more than that successive waves of migratory peoples from Southeast Asia spread across the Western Pacific about 3,000 years ago, and that some of them landed on and remained on these islands. With their distinctive double canoes Polynesians then reached the Cook Islands (Rarotonga) in the ninth century, the Society Islands (Totaiete ma) by the 11th century and the western Austral (Tuhaa Pae) Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago in the 12th century. [26] Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited; thus the name, Tuvalu, means "eight standing together" in Tuvaluan. Data and research help us understand these challenges and set priorities, share knowledge of what works, and measure progress. part may be reproduced without the written permission. [30] The islands came under Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century, when each of the Ellice Islands was declared a British protectorate by Captain Gibson R.N., of HMS Curacoa, between 9 and 16 October 1892. The Pacific Islands is a area geographic region of the Pacific Ocean comprised of three ethnogeographic groupings: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. The last great step in man's colonization of the planet involves the longest sea journey of all - thousands of miles southwest . For the most part, however independent lines of genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence are generally converging to tell a similar story of whats called the short chronology of Eastern Polynesia. In 1595 and 1605 Spain again sent several expeditions to find the islands and establish a colony, though these were unsuccessful. Many scientists have tried to explain just what made these epic. Some 3,400 years ago, before the Iron Age or the rise of Ancient Greece, people on the Solomon Islands left their white sandy shores for the cerulean seas of the South Pacific. Broad Diversity of Asian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander Population Pacific Islands Indigenous Communities | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov Fiber-optic cables have been, or will soon be, connected in Fiji, Samoa,Palau, Tonga andTuvalu; one of the World Banks most significant infrastructure investments in the Pacific Islands over the past decade. The first French Polynesian islands to be settled by Polynesians were the Marquesas Islands in AD 300 and the Society Islands in AD 800. TheTuvalu Learning Projectis supporting earlyeducationand literacy by engaging parents and communities, and by strengthening teaching at preschool, primary and secondary levels. 3 (Fall, 2008). Nature. Brian Handwerk is a science correspondentbased in Amherst, New Hampshire. June 7, 2022. Those things include clearly related languages on widely scattered island groups, sweet potatoes, stone tools and even, in a few places, towering human figures. South Americans may have traveled to Polynesia 800 years ago - Science News How Ancient Humans Reached Remote South Pacific Islands Europeans first sighted New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands in the late 18th century. Solomon Islands has some of the highest electricity costs in the world, which is a major roadblock to growth and poverty reduction. There is great diversity across the Pacific Islands region, from Fiji, which is the largest country of the group (excludingPapua New Guinea) with a population of over 900,000, to Tuvalu and Nauru, with estimated populations of approximately 11,000 each; making them the World Bank Groups smallest members by population. Now sparsely-populated thanks in part to their role as nuclear test grounds, the Tuamotus span an area equal to the distance between England and Greece. [34][35] Tuvalu became fully independent within the Commonwealth on 1 October 1978. Please select the most appropriate category to facilitate processing of your request. Who were the first settlers of Hawaii and where did those people come from, he wonders. The researchers were able to piece together the puzzle of trans-Pacific migration by comparing the genetic material in 430 present-day inhabitants across 21 islands. Niue is the smallest democracy in the world. A referendum was held in December 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration. China's Defense Ministry accused the United States of turning Taiwan into a powder keg Wednesday, July 5, 2023, with its latest sales of military equipment to the self-governing island democracy worth a total of $440.2 million. The pattern of settlement that is believed to have occurred is that the Polynesians spread out from the Samoan Islands into the Tuvaluan atolls, with Tuvalu providing a stepping stone to migration into the Polynesian Outlier communities in Melanesia and Micronesia. Crowded Paradise: The 10 Most Populated Islands in the World The gardens of the New Guinea highlands are ancient, intensive permacultures, adapted to high population densities, very high rainfalls (as high as 10,000mm/yr (400in/yr)), earthquakes, hilly land, and occasional frost. To learn more about cookies, click here. Around 900600 BC Moturiki Island was settled. The Europeans arrived in the 17th century which was followed after a couple hundred years by a single unified Tongan kingdom. "These statues are only on those islands that are closely connected genetically," the study's lead author Alexander Ioannidis of Stanford University told AFP. Due to influence from the Cholas and states they had cultural influence over, Indianized Hindu kingdoms arose in the early Medieval period and the Islamic Sultanate of Brunei extended its rule over parts of Mindanao by the late 15th century. The written history of Japan begins with brief references in the 1st century AD Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of Chinese historical texts. There are 20.6 million people who identify as Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander alone (not in combination with another race), making up 6.2% of the nation's population, according to the 2020 Census. the origins of the people of Tuvalu is addressed in the theories regarding the spread of humans out of Southeast Asia, from Taiwan, via Melanesia and across the Pacific islands to create Polynesia. Archaeologists using carbon-dating have broken Pre-Contact Guam (i.e. Transportis essential to the Pacific Islands region to connect people to markets, schools, hospitals and family, often over vast distances of ocean. Ethnological and linguistic evidence suggests that they likely arrived from the region of Tonga and Samoa. In a remote patch of the Pacific Ocean lies Rapa Nui, otherwise known as Easter Island. What does Oceania refer to? Through a consistent approach to address climate change impacts, projects are now underway to improve the resilience of key roads, ports and other transport infrastructure in theFederated States of Micronesia,Kiribati, Marshall Islands,Samoa,Solomon Islands, Tonga,TuvaluandVanuatu. The Pacific is vast, and even genetic exploration of its islands and their settlers takes a lot of time and effort. The dashboard is designed to be an interactive data visualisation tool where users can see various population indicators, charts and maps filterable by country or territory. This Samoan siapo dates to the early 1900s. According to native oral legends Fijians were also descendants of a nomadic tribe from Tanganika (Tanzania). The compounding impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing climate and disaster shocks on Pacific Island countries will continue to pose major challenges for the region in the years ahead. 1 Pacific map showing near and remote Oceania Full size image Given the scale and challenges of the endeavour it is unsurprising that since the time of Captain James Cook scholars have been interested in understanding the technological and sociological conditions that drove and supported the exploration and colonisation of the Pacific.
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how were pacific islands populated
