Former Archive of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan. ), Put. Ethnic origins, transformation, prospects of statehood in Turkmenistan], Moscow: CCRI IA RAN. Moscow. Moscow was, however, not interested in the strengthening of this single group dominance within the republic. On 27 October 1991, it became independent as Turkmenistan. 29Another alternative group, the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (Demokratieska parti Turkmenistana), was formed under the leadership of Muhammed Durdymurad, but its activities were banned in 1991 and the party had to hold its first congress in Moscow. MILLER John H., 1977, Cadres Policy in Nationality Areas: Recruitment of cpsu First and Second Secretaries in Non-Russian Republics of the ussr, Soviet Studies 29(1), pp. ), Turkmenistan: Gosudarstvenna politika i prava eloveka 1995-1998 [Turkmenistan: State politics and human rights 1995-1998], Moscow: Memorial [http://www.memo.ru/hr/politpr/turk/psihiatr.htm]. Was led by ex-Soviet provincial Party leader Saparmurat Niyazov from the collapse of the Soviet Union early in the 1990s until he died in . STARODYMOV Nikolaj, 2012, Kto Vy, Ak Velsapar? [Who are you Ak Velsapar? Most religious education and religious observances were banned. In particular, okhrat Kadyrov, a Turkmen historian and demographer and currently a Moscow-based researcher, has extensively examined the elites of Turkmenistan in its historical dynamic, including the late-Soviet period (Kadyrov, 1996, 2001a, 2003a, 2009). It made it easier for the regime to gradually reduce and later suppress the movement. Vestnik Evrazii 2, pp. It was one of the principal reasons for further conservation of power in the republic and a barrier to the establishment of more visible alternative structures and informal groups, as was the case with other Soviet republics in the later 1980s. It convinced him of the necessity to behave less tolerantly towards the movement. Apparently, he did not want to repeat the fate of Rashidovs cadres in neighbouring Uzbekistan. , . 1, Ashgabat: Turkmenska gosudarstvenna izdatelska sluba. 131-132). 5-21. Central committee is the common designation of a standing administrative body of communist parties, analogous to a board of directors, of both ruling and nonruling parties of former and existing socialist states. 21Both issues interpretation of history and language laid a fundamental question for the first important alternative group in Turkmenistan, Agzybirlik, which gathered about 600 intellectuals in September 1989 following Niyazovs expression on the language issues in the Central Press (Safronov, 2002). Following 2012 legislation allowing for a multi-party system, Turkmenistan now has three officially recognized political parties: the Democratic Party (established in 1991 as the successor to the Soviet-era Communist Party), the Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (registered in 2012), and the Agrarian Party (registered in 2014). 3 Niyazov was affiliated to Jewish (Tollyev, 2002), Kurdish-Iranian (Mitrokhin & Ponomarev, 1996) and even Arabic origin (Kadyrov, 2001b, p.17). The movement was only able to appeal to the public to vote for the preservation of the USSR during the referendum in 1991 (Kadyrov, 2001a, p.44). Gapurov had been accused of nepotism, flattery and careerism (Rashid, 1994, p.195). The language issue was also discussed on the important informal Turkmenistan intelligentsia meeting in April 1988, which resulted in vast interrogations with the organisers sanctioned by Niyazov (Ryblov, 2004, p.25). 1982. Such factors were adopted and developed under his rule for the reverse process the promotion of an Akhal-Teke member into power. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. 25The latter was a case of an attempt to establish an initiative group supporting the so-called Democratic Reforms Movement (Dvienie demokratieskikh reform) in Moscow under the leadership of several former Communist Party representatives and other activists (Eduard Shevardnadze, Alexandr kovlev, Gavril Popov, Anatolij Sobak, etc.). As Thomas Caroters, the critique of the concept, pointed out, the transformation from the Soviet system assumed an inevitable shift towards liberalisation or democracy with a key role being played by the election processes (Caroters, 2002, pp. As Thomas Caroters, the critique of the concept, pointed out, the transformation from the Soviet system assumed an inevitable shift towards liberalisation or democracy with a key role being played by the election processes (Caroters, 2002, pp. As a result, Niyazov announced the proposal of the Language Law in November 1989 (Ryblov, 2004, p.26). In 1992 an Organizing Committee for the Restoration of the Communist Party was founded but the party was not . The balance of the elite group was one of the key factors in the appointment of Muhammetnazar Gapurov for the position of First Secretary in the Turkmen SSR in 1969. Nauno-publicistieskij almanakh [Turkmens. The group reached only a limited public and its initiator okhrat Kadyrov became famous for his later article about the 1992 Turkmenistan constitution (Ryblov, 2004, p.45) and was subsequently forced to emigrate from the country. 348-350; 2003, pp. Contact: slavomir.horak@post.cz, Voir la notice dans le catalogue OpenEdition, Plan du site Crdits Flux de syndication, Politique de confidentialit Gestion des cookies Signaler un problme, Nous adhrons OpenEdition dit avec Lodel Accs rserv, Vous allez tre redirig vers OpenEdition Search, 1989, anne de mobilisations politiques en Asie centrale, Perestroka et glasnost : les nouvelles formes de culture et de discours politiques de la fin des annes quatre-vingt en Asie centrale, Turkmenistan at the Last Stage of Perestroika. Ahmed Rashid considered Turkmenistan as potentially one of the most unstable states within Central Asia (Rashid, 1994, p.205). In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the . KONSTITUCI TURKMENSKOJ SOVETSKOJ SOCIALISTICESKOJ RESPUBLIKI, 1978, Ashgabat: Turkmenistan. An official Muslim Board of Central Asia based in Tashkent was established during World War II to supervise the Islamic faith in Central Asia. This article focuses on the power shifts in Turkmenistan between the rule of Muhammetnazar Gapurov, the long-term First Secretary of the Turkmen SSR Communist Party and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. [2] In 1881 the Russians under General Mikhail Skobelev besieged and captured Geok Tepe, one of the last Turkmen strongholds, northwest of Ashgabat. Turkmenistan was a largely quiet Soviet republic. The three registered political parties were the ruling Democratic Party (the former Communist Party), the Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, and the Agrarian Party. 24Other groups that could be considered as alternative were found at the end of the Soviet Union and at the time when Niyazov managed to consolidate his power together with his Party and State organs repressive machine. However, the Turkmenistan case of perestroika and glasnost was determined by several specifics. I. Iranian Mosque. The potential supporters from Ashgabat and, more particularly, from the regions and Ashgabat surroundings, demanded more nationalistic or Islamic renaissance rhetoric (Velsapar, 1997). [3], Under Soviet rule, all religious beliefs were attacked by the communist authorities as superstition and "vestiges of the past". Turkmenistan gained formal independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Generally, Turkmen politicians supported Soviet policies. The Constitution of Turkmenistan adopted in 1978 did not contain any article about the superiority of the Turkmen language in the republic (Konstituci, 1978). Although in 1990 the demonstration of Agzybirlik was broken up by the power structure, a year later it was allegedly Niyazovs initiative to establish a National Memorial day (Hatyra Gn), which turned out later to be another manifestation of loyalty to the president (Kadyrov, 2003b, p.114; Hork, 2015). Once Boris Yeltsin increased his position, Niyazov turned his support to him in the last months of the Soviet Union (Ryblov, 2004, p.9). in 1991 with Durdymurad Khodamuhammedov as the head of the party (Torkunov, 2012, p.518). 131-132). . As such, Agzybirlik represented an important challenge for the regime and the stability of those Akhal-Teke who were firmly connected with their recently gained positions. However, despite the removal of cadres connected with Gapurov, some spheres remained untouched. 1,803 Ideologically, Niyazov adopted some of the most important topics of the potentially most influential alternative groups. His career was built and his political character was formed in the political culture of clientelism with preference given to the leaders clan, as well as sycophantism, which served as his means of progress in the Party hierarchy, together with the right tribal and regional background (Aleksandrov, 1996, pp. ROKOV Vladimir, 2015, Afgan v naem serdce [Afghan in our heart], Kharkovskie izvesti, 16 February [http://izvestia.kharkov.ua/on-line/gorod/1180740.html ]. [3] Modest industrial capabilities were developed, and limited exploitation of Turkmenistan's natural resources was initiated. [2], Under Soviet rule, all religious beliefs were suppressed by the communist authorities as superstition and "vestiges of the past". , 2003b, Turkmenistan. Each Soviet republic (or region in some cases) underwent different paths within this period. 26-27). The first issue was ready in September 1991 and was published in Moscow at the beginning of 1992. A non-Akhal-Teke ruler in Akhal-Teke Ashgabat (and its surroundings) served as the loyalty guarantee of the First Secretary to the Moscow centre. Almanakh 4. Some Turkmen authors, even in 1990, supported the further process of Turkmenisation of the country and proposed the Latinisation of the Turkmen alphabet, moving back to the reforms of the 1930s (Clement, 2005, pp. 135-136). [2] Because Turkmen tribes, most notably the Yomud, were in the military service of the Khivan khan, Russian forces undertook punitive raids against Khorazm, in the process slaughtering hundreds of Turkmen and destroying their settlements. [3] Their armed resistance to Soviet rule was part of the larger Basmachi Revolt throughout Central Asia from the 1920s into the early 1930s,[3] which included most of the future USSR dependencies. Despite the fact that the First Secretary Saparmurat Niyazov was selected to his position as a supporter of perestroika, his steps inside the Soviet republic rather slowed down the process. 17Perestroika in Turkmenistan brought at least some chance to shift the political system in the country to bring it closer to reformist movement, as appeared in various parts of the Soviet Union (Baltic states, Georgia, or even Russia). The Political Elite in an Ethnic Society, in Sally Cummings (ed. In this regard, ary Karryev, one of the most important figures in Ashgabat with a wide range of kins within the Akhal-Teke elite, could serve as the example (Kadyrov, 2001a, p.180; Rakov, 2015). After an unanimous vote of its Supreme Soviet, Turkmenistan declared its sovereignty in August 1990. He also surrounded himself with the people who always agreed with his ideas. Biography: Serdar Rakhimov was a Turkmen journalist, social and political activist, and leader of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan. [19] It was also one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. The political culture of Soviet and post-Soviet Turkmenistan, including the phenomena of corruption, nepotism and cronyism, are only selectively researched (Rashid, 1994; Botkov, 2007). [2] In 1869 the Russian Empire established a foothold in present-day Turkmenistan with the foundation of the Caspian Sea port of Krasnovodsk (now Trkmenbay). The Ethnology of political management: yesterday, today and tomorrow], Conference Turkmenistan: Not an Orange Revolution but Regional? Oslo, 6 June [http://igpi.ru/bibl/other_articl/1119947605.html]. The two registered political parties included the ruling Democratic Party (the former Communist Party of Turkmenistan) and the progovernment Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, created. Villes du futur en Asie centrale Astana-Bichkek-Douchanb au miroir du pass ? ), 2012, Politieskie sistemy sovremennykh gosudarstv. The problems of late-Soviet elite formation are also reflected in several texts and memories of former political figures and activists of that period (Kuliev, 2001 & 2006; Demidov, 2000 & 2002; Ryblov, 2004; senov, 2008; Rakov, 2015).2 Some information for this study comes from interviews with several members of the Turkmenistan opposition (particularly with Avdy Kuliev), or journalists coming from Turkmenistan (Viktor Panov). TURKMENBASHI Saparmurat, 2001, Ruhnama, Vol. [2] In 1897 a similar agreement was signed between the Russians and Afghans. Etnieskie istoki, transformaci, perspektivy gosudarstvennosti v Turkmenistane [The Nation of tribes. KAMALOVA Nozima, Vitalev Vitali & ilds Akeji (eds. In, , Turkmenistan in the 16th and 17th centuries, Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, referendum on the future of the Soviet Union, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "GDP (PPP) index (World Bank estimate) Turkmenistan", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&oldid=1163670496, States and territories established in 1921, States and territories established in 1925, States and territories disestablished in 1991, 1925 disestablishments in the Soviet Union, 1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Turkmen-language text, Articles containing Russian-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021, Articles needing additional references from June 2021, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, Kurbanov, Seitnazar. The old Soviet-era Communist Party apparatus and bureaucracy remains in place. [2] The society in Turkmenistan became more fragmented than Agzybirlik supposed. Efforts by the Soviet state to undermine the traditional Turkmen lifestyle resulted in significant changes in familial and political relationships, religious and cultural observances, and intellectual developments. The groups movements, informal groups or, at the last stage of USSR existence, also political parties and entities were personally interconnected with each other. He won reelection in 1992 with a reported 99.5 percent of the vote. Saparmurad Niyazov, the First Secretary of the CPT since 1985 was elected the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet, the highest government . The original Communist Party of Turkmenistan was founded when Turkmenistan became a Republic in 1924. Almanakh 5-6 [http:// turkomen.narod.ru/BEST.html]. Therefore, the analysis of perestroika in Turkmenistan serves as an example of why the countrys transition undertook a regressive rather than a progressive path. Open arrest was applied from 1990. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The Political Elite in an Ethnic Society, in Sally Cummings (ed. NIZOV Saparmurat, 1994, Nezavisimost, demokrati, blagopoluie [Independence, democracy, wellbeing], Ashgabat: Rukh. In 1973, Rakhimov graduated from the Department of Journalism of Moscow State University. TOLLYEV ouir (pseudonym), 2002, Pamtnik idiotizma (recenzi na knigu Saparmurata Nizova Ruhnama) [The Monument of idiotism (review of Saparmurat Niyazovs book Ruhnama)], Erkin Turkmenistan, 24 October [http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1035403800]. 50-51; Rakov, 2015). However, the journal was prohibited in Turkmenistan and the printouts of it (as well as other issues titled Dan-kspress) were confiscated in Ashgabat. Niyazov himself created personal rule in order to keep his position in the Akhal-Teke surroundings (Aleksandrov, 1996, p.175; Hork, 2010). The language issue was also discussed on the important informal Turkmenistan intelligentsia meeting in April 1988, which resulted in vast interrogations with the organisers sanctioned by Niyazov (Ryblov, 2004, p.25). However, for the next deeper analysis of the Turkmen opposition, this gap will obviously be filled. 5-32. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 30In the first years of independence, some representatives of the alternative movements did not lose hope of resistance to Niyazovs regime, co-existence and even dialogue with him. Niyazov understood his role in the Soviet centre as well as his position within the Turkmen elite. It leads me to the thesis that 1989-1991 were decisive years determining the current character of Turkmenistans political system and political culture without any alternative paths. RYBLOV Vladimir, 2004, Turkmenska tragedi [The Turkmen tragedy], Moscow: rgo. Therefore, the political culture created in Turkmenistan at the beginning of the 1990s influenced the independent Turkmenistan for several decades ahead. Of all the Central Asian peoples, the Turkmen had the hardest resistance against the Russian expansion. The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan essentially retains the apparatus of the former communist party. The Transcaspian Region and Turkmen Oblast of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkestan ASSR) became the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR), a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, having equal status with e.g.
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