https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02325.x (2008). A fantastic example of a highly evolved example of the before mentioned symbiotic relationship can be shown through the interactions between leafcutter ants, fungi that are specific to the leafcutter nests, and a bacterium which is an antibiotic against the fungi's parasites. Some lineages of ants, termites, and beetles independently evolved a symbiotic association with lignocellulolytic fungi cultivated for food, in a lifestyle known as fungiculture. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12090 (2015). To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. ADS Metagenomic clustering and Carbohydrates-Active Enzymes (CAZy) taxonomic assignment. Interactions. (e) Most abundant CE (carbohydrate esterase). https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00229-18 (2018). They colonize most habitats on Earth, preferring dark, moist conditions. Biol. Syst. Both ants and fungi benefit from the association. Hostile Planet How a parasitic fungus turns ants into 'zombies' The deadly parasite's grand finale involves sending toxic spores blooming from the dead ant's head. . https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv033 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ja.2013.77 (2014). 36, 563595. Pencil drawings by Mariana Barcoto. Science 326, 11201123. Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, So Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil, Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Department of Plant Protection, So Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil, Center for the Study of Social Insects, So Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil, Mariana O. Barcoto,Milene Ferro,Mauricio Bacci Jr.&Andre Rodrigues, You can also search for this author in Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidia are similarly abundant for the microbiota of M. goeldii fungus garden, differing from the composition pattern dominated by Gammaproteobacteria that is observed in the FGI group (Fig. Adams, A. S. et al. Fungus-growing insects host a distinctive microbiota apparently adapted to the fungiculture environment, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68448-7. Appl. Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M. & Tanabe, M. KEGG for integration and interpretation of large scale molecular data sets. designed the study, contributed to the results interpretation, and wrote the manuscript. At a general level, the relative abundance of PCS annotated for CAZy families reveals that the microbiota of FGI tend to exhibit a higher relative abundance of PCS classified as GH and GT, followed by AA and CE (Fig. Mol. Lignocellulose pretreatment in a fungus-cultivating termite. The functional profile was estimated through KEGG pathways (via KO terms)104 following the IMG pipeline. Beaver, R. A. Insect-fungus relationships in the bark and ambrosia beetles. Rev. J. Chem. Environmental features particular to FGI ecosystems possibly impose selective pressures into the bacterial community, as despite differences in evolution, ecology and geographic distribution of their insect hosts, similarities in the microbiota composition point to taxonomic convergence36. Describe the beneficial relationship between some fungi and insects. PubMed You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Life in leaf litter: novel insights into community dynamics of bacteria and fungi during litter decomposition. Koh, A., De Vadder, F., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P. & Bckhed, F. From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. FEMS Microbiol. Reads of each library were assembled into metagenomes consisting of 249364 Mbp of sequence data. IMG/M 4 version of the integrated metagenome comparative analysis system. Purahong, W. et al. the symbiosis between the attine ants and their fungi consider-ably (5, 6, 10-13), but similar large-scale studies of the Macro-termitinae and their Termitomyces symbionts have been lacking. The ecological success of ants has been achieved by the evolution of sophisticated eusociality, but also underpinned by symbiotic relationships with other associated organisms [7,8,9]. Environ. 57, 21882203. We are grateful to Dr. Luiz C. Forti for helping with field sampling and to Dr. Srgio Kakazu for helping with DNA purification. 35, 2329. Rev. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13872 (2016). Transcribed image text: Explain the symbiotic relationship between leafcutter ants and basidiomycete fungi. Accepted April 11, 2001. Electronica 4, 1.https://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02010605 (1985). 4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-7186-9 (2016). For instance, the abundance of pathways related to antimicrobials biosynthesis (Fig. Other herbivorous insects, herbivorous vertebrates, and omnivorous vertebrates have a higher proportion of PCS assigned to GH family, followed by GT and CBM. When comparing the microbiota taxonomic composition between hosts with different diets and differing in phylogenetic distribution, UPGMA-clustering indicates the microbiota of FGI clustering separately from other hosts (Fig. 22, 261266. We would like to thank FAPESP (Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo) for providing fellowships to M.O.B. Google Scholar. Li, D., Liu, C., Luo, R., Sadakane, K. & Lam, T.-W. MEGAHIT: an ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph. Insects 3, 339366. 73, 6993. Appl. C.C.S. Solheim, H. Oxygen deficiency and spruce resin inhibition of growth of blue stain fungi associated with Ips typographus. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-60-2-199 (1970). . Expert Answer. Leafcutter ants grow fungi on beds of leaves in their nests. S9): I) Cluster encompassing the microbiota of the initial segment of Nasutitermes corniger and Cubitermes ugandensis termites gut, as well as the microbiota of adult Veturius sinuatocollis beetles, that does not present a particular CAZy-codifying microbiota. Microbiol. A Simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. de Vos, W. Microbial biofilms and the human intestinal microbiome. S13); lipid pathways related to fatty acid degradation and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (Fig. An Attina queen's daughter begins a new colony with . The bacterial community from At. Guerriero, G., Hausman, J., Strauss, J., Ertan, H. & Siddiqui, K. S. Lignocellulosic biomass: biosynthesis, degradation, and industrial utilization. sexdens rubropilosa and for ten days for M. goeldii gardens. Microbiota composition at class level. IMG ID of publicly available metagenomes also used in this study are listed in the Supplementary Material. 1, Supplementary Fig. BMC Genomics 14, 928. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-928 (2013). PubMed CAS Keeling, C. I. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12729 (2015). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The ant is bene . Pantoea, Serratia, and Rahnella are the most abundant genera in M. natalensis gardens microbiota, and this sample sits between the first and second clusters. Schuurman, G. H. Ecosystem influences of fungus-growing termites in the dry Paleotropics. Environ. Most abundant bacterial genera of the microbiota associated with Mycocepurus goeldii, Atta sexdens rubropilosa, and other FGI. Curr. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.10 (2012). contributed to bioinformatics analysis. S15); terpenoids and polyketides pathways related to geraniol, limonene and pinene degradation, and biosynthesis of siderophore nonribosomal peptides (SupplementaryFig. Ecol. Google Scholar. ISSN 2045-2322 (online). S7A) and diversity (Supplementary Fig. An overview of integrated management of leaf-cutting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Brazilian forest plantations. Environ. Rev. Fungus-growing insects host a distinctive microbiota apparently adapted to the fungiculture environment. Because oxygen is required for lignin breakdown49, aerobic conditions could favor lignin depolimerization by microorganisms codifying ligninolytic enzymes. 46, W95W101. & Wiemer, D. F. Toxicity of terpenoid deterrents to the leafcutting ant Atta cephalotes and its mutualistic fungus. 37, D233D238. & Cannon, C. H. An assembly and alignment-free method of phylogeny reconstruction from next-generation sequencing data. (b) Class-level taxonomic classification of sequences assigned to each CAZy family, depicting the most abundant bacterial groups. PubMed As the most abundant bacterial genera in these communities are aerobes/facultative anaerobes (Fig. Protein-coding sequences were taxonomically assigned using the Phylogenetic Distribution of Genes comparative tool of IMG42, which estimates the phylogenetic composition of the metagenome by comparing (through RPS-BLAST) the best BLASTp hits with COG database. 5). Environ. (Springer, Berlin, 2011). Second, the gut microbiota of Lemur catta that presents higher abundance of Firmicutes (Bacilli and Clostridia), Bacteroidetes, and Gammaproteobacteria (Enterobacteria), and clustered with the Primates group. Zool. 8, 132. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00132 (2020). 68, 279296. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2016.11.002 (2017). Front. 2949 (INTECH, New York, 2015). J. Syst. Next to ours, leafcutter ant society is the most complex society on earth. 210, 13691381. This clustering reflects the particular CAZy-codifier microbiota of FGI (Fig. Rev. Appl. The various types of symbiotic relationships are based on whether or not one or both organisms benefit from the relationship. ifkov, L. et al. 3)55,56,57,58 exploiting plant-derived resources. 52, 696704. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01022531 (1988). The washing and incubation steps were repeated three times. Generally, neither the fungus nor the photosynthetic organism can survive alone outside of the symbiotic relationship. Exceptions to this pattern may be observed in the microbiota composition of M. goeldii fungus garden (in which Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidia are similarly abundant) and the microbiota of At. Stayton, C. T. The definition, recognition, and interpretation of convergent evolution, and two new measures for quantifying and assessing the significance of convergence. & Biggs, P. J. SolexaQA: At-a-glance quality assessment of Illumina second-generation sequencing data. Barcoto, M.O., Carlos-Shanley, C., Fan, H. et al. Eng. Recent research has charted the phylogenetic diversity of this symbiosis, revealing multiple instances where the ants and Pseudonocardia . When both members of the association benefit, the symbiotic relationship is called mutualistic. At genera level, despite particularities regarding the relative abundance of specific genera, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia are relatively abundant for fungus-growing ants, termites, and beetles (Fig. 5). PubMed A., Lamed, R., Bayer, E. A. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad2602 (2015). 1, 15005. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjbiofilms.2015.5 (2015). (f) Most abundant CBM (carbohydrate-binding modules). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202970109 (2012). Biochem. 47, 16381651. 12, 133. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-133 (2012). A. et al. Barcoto, M. O. Fungus-growing insects host a convergent microbiome with functional similarities to other lignocellulose-feeding insects. Guennoc, C., Rose, C., Labb, J.
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