The whole Psalter is sung every week. This means that our liturgies all come from the same original form used in Constantinople. cit., 539-552) gives a series of documents from which the evolution of this rite may be traced from the ninth to the sixteenth century. When sung in choir it lasts about eight hours. St. . Flavian of Antioch in 387 softened the heart of Theodosius (after the outrage to the statues) by making his clerks sing to him the suppliant chants of Antioch (Sozom., H. E., VII, xxiii). (Athens, 1894); CHARON, Les saintes et divines Liturgies, etc. The last troparion of each ode always refers to Our Lady and is called 6EOr6Ktov. It has all the Hours and is made up of psalms, odes, etc., like other Offices. Its earlier part is inextricably joined to the Vespers (Maltzew, op. It is certain that St. The great cycles are the same as ours-Christmas, followed by a Memory of the Mother of God on 26 December, then St. Stephen on 27 December, etc. The most important of the many kinds of hymns are the following: A canon (Kavwv) is made up of nine odes corresponding to the nine canticles (of Moses, Ex., xv, 1-19; Deut., xxxii, 1-43; of Anna, I Kings, ii, 1-10; flab., iii, 2-19; Is., xxvi, 9-20; Jonas, ii, 2-10; the Benedicite, Magnificat, and Benedictus) sung at Lauds. But it would seem that before Chrysostom this Basilian Rite (according to the universal rule) had received further development and additions at Constantinople. BYZANTINE RITE CATHOLICS | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case It is made up of psalms, lessons, prayers, and especially of a great number of hymns in rhythmical prose. Now we are come to the suns hour of rest, The lights of evening round us shine, We hymn the Father, Son and Holy Spirit divine, Worthiest art Thou at all times to be sung With undefiled tongue, Son of our God, giver of life alone. He has a pectoral cross, an enkolpion (eyKAIrcov, a medal containing a relic), a mitre formed of metal and shaped like an imperial crown, and a dikanikion (SLKavlKCov), or crosier, shorter than ours and ending in two serpents between which is a cross. The prayer is the one that follows the Anamnesis in St. Basils Liturgy (Brightman, p. 329. Catechumens go out. xxxvi, in I Cor., vi, P. G., LXI, 313). In cases of necessity, where there is no deacon, the celebrant supplies his part as best he can. 7. 418-428. The next epoch in the history of the Byzantine Rite is the reform of St. John Chrysostom (d. 407). It is sung very solemnly on the Saturday before the second Sunday before Easter; and they sing parts of it every Friday evening and Saturday morning in Lent. Basil took as the basis of his reform the use of Caesarea in the fourth century. Basil). ), is quoted by St. In St. Basils Liturgy it is: We pray and beseech thee, 0 Holy of Holy ones, that according to the mercy of thy favor thy Holy Spirit come down on us and on these present gifts to bless them, sanctify them and to make. (Chrysostom: Send down thy Holy Spirit on us and on these present gifts. Each ode (c n) is supposed to correspond more or less to its canticle. Priests and bishops con-celebrate at once with the ordainer (Euch., 160-181). The Liturgy of St. There are, lastly, services for the administration of the Seven Great Mysteries (the Seven Sacraments) that are printed in the Euchologion after the liturgies (ed. In Chrysostoms time it seems that people received either kind separately, drinking from the chalice. Do you know differences between Roman, Byzantine Catholic Churches The Liturgies of Basil and Chrysostom, then, differing only in a certain number of the prayers, may be described together. St. Gregory Nazianzen, in describing the saints famous encounter with Valens at Caesarea, in 372, describes the Offertory as a simpler rite, accompanied with psalms sung by the people but without an audible Offertory prayer (Greg. . No musical instrument of any kind may be used in their churches. lvii-lxix, and the ex-ample he gives from the feast of the Transfiguration, 6 August). Constantinople, THE RITE OF (Or BYZANTINE RITE), the Liturgies, Divine Office, forms for the administration of sacraments and for various blessings, sacramentals, and exorcisms, of the Church of Constantinople, which is now, after the Roman Rite, by far the most widely spread in the world. Thus the sixth ode will generally contain a reference to Jonas whale. The Divine Office is very long and complicated. With one insignificant exception-the Liturgy of St. James is used once a year at Jerusalem and Zakynthos (Zacynthus)-it is followed exclusively by all Orthodox Churches, by the Melkites (Melchites) in Syria and Egypt, the Uniats in the Balkans and the Italo-Greeks in Calabria, Apulia, Sicily, and Corsica. Deacon: Amen. They have no pall over the chalice and there is a danger of flies. The Eucharistic prayer ended with a doxology to which the people answered, Amen; and then the bishop greeted them with the text, The mercy of our great God and Saviour Jesus Christ be with all of you (Tit., ii, 13), to which they answered: And with thy spirit, as usual. If you are cleared, the Latin bishop will turn you over to the care of the Byzantine bishop, and you will officially become Byzantine Catholic. The evolution of the Byzantine liturgical rite shows that the Eastern liturgies did not develop in a vacuum. xix in P. G., LVII, 282). The Byzantine Rite has no sequence of liturgical colors. Greek (from which all the others are translated) is used at Constantinople, in Macedonia (by the Patriarchists), Greece, by Greek monks in Palestine and Syria, by nearly all Orthodox in Egypt; Arabic in parts of Syria, Palestine, and by a few churches in Egypt; Old Slavonic throughout Russia, in Bulgaria, and by all Exarchists, in Czernagora, Servia, and by the Orthodox in Austria and Hungary; and Rumanian by the Church of that country. -It is well known that the Orthodox still use the Julian Calendar (Old Style). Here they vest, the celebrant blessing each vestment as it is put on, say certain prayers, and wash their hands, saying verses 6-12 of Ps. Acolytes go in front and form a solemn procession. They have besides the antidoron another kind of blessed bread-thekolyba(K6av/3a) eaten in honour of some saint or in memory of the dead. cit., 393-470). One singer (generally a boy) sings the dominant (TO Yvon) of the mode to the sound of A continuously, while the rest execute their elaborate pneums (see Plain Chant). The whole body is again anointed with chrism (TO a.ycov mdpov) prepared very elaborately with fifty-five various substances by the ecumenical patriarch on Maundy Thursday (Fortescue, op. -This is not one of the original parent-rites. But in the service books it is now officially ascribed to St. Gregory Dialogos (Pope Gregory I). In Russia there is generally a belfry. The Byzantine Liturgy - CMRI: Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen He will then guide you in writing a letter to the Byzantine bishop, asking to join his eparchy. Basil himself speaks on several occasions of the changes he made in the services of Caesarea. The deacon then incenses the prothesis, altar, sanctuary, nave, and the celebrant. The Slavonic Typikon (both the Pre-Nikonian Old Rite and the Nikonian New Rite texts) can be found online at the Synaxis website. cit., 156-202, 202-226). A peculiarity of the Antiochene use was the Gloria in excelsis sung at the Orthros (Ps.-Athan., De Virg., xx, P. G., XXVIII, 276); the evening hymn, GREEKTEXT, still sung in the Byzantine Rite at the Hesperinos and attributed to Ahenogenes (in the second cent. saw the carelessness and degeneracy of men who feared the length of the Liturgy-not as if he thought it too long-he shortened its form, so as to remove the weariness of the clergy and assistants (De traditione divinae Miss, P. G., XLV, 849). The Uniats frequently apply to Rome to know what to do, and the answer is always: Servetur consuetudo, by which is meant that their secular clergy should say as much of the Office as is customary. It has been a great question whether they are consecrated or not. The celebrant cuts away with the holy lance the parts marked IC. We have seen that Peter the Deacon mentions that it was used by nearly the whole East. On the south side is the diakonikon, a sort of sacristy where vessels and vestments are kept; but it is in no way walled off from the rest of the sanctuary. Mean-while, some of the bread originally cut up at the Pro-thesis has remained there all the time. Their liturgical year begins on 1 September, the beginning of the Indict, that is of the new year. It is derived from that of Antioch. The celebrant breaks the Holy Bread into four parts, as it is marked, and arranges them on the diskos thus: I S N I K A C S He puts the fraction marked IE into the chalice, and the deacon again pours into it a little warm water (the use of warm water is a very old peculiarity of this rite). Many of the other feasts are the same as ours, though often with different names. Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia. The procession goes meanwhile all round the church and enters the sanctuary by the royal doors. No Byzantine liturgy or classic Roman liturgy is the product of a committee of avant-garde experts out of touch with the people and captive to fashionable theories long since exploded. Today the Byzantine (Greek) rite is the most widely used of all the liturgies after the Roman rite. He not only further modified the Rite of Basil, but left both his own reformed Liturgy and the unreformed Basilian one itself, as the exclusive uses of Constantinople. The Euchologion, a folded antimension, and perhaps one or two other instruments used in the Liturgy are laid on it; nothing else. The Byzantine bishop will then contact the Latin bishop, who will investigate the matter. In its conversion from paganism, Russia accepted Byzantine Christianity while still in full communion with Rome in 988. The Psalter is divided into twenty parts called KaOio-paTa, each of which is made up of three sections (ordoe i). The Byzantine Liturgy, the Traditional Latin Mass, and the Novus Ordo The Orthodox believe that the grace of Holy orders may perish through heresy or schism, so they generally reordain converts (the Russian Church has officially refused to do this, Fortescue, op. Peter the Deacon, who was sent by the Scythian monks to Pope Hormisdas to defend a famous formula they had drawn up (One of the Trinity was crucified) about the year 512, writes: The blessed Basil, Bishop of Caesarea, says in the prayer of the holy altar which is used by nearly the whole East: Give, oh Lord, strength and protection; make the bad good, we pray, keep the good in their virtue; for Thou canst do all things, and no one can withstand Thee; Thou dost save whom Thou wilt and no one can hinder Thy will (Petri diac. Melkite - Wikipedia It is probable that even before the time of St. John Chrysostom the Liturgy of Basil was used at Constantinople. (A detailed account of the now elaborate rite of the Proskomide is given in the Ethos dOrient, III, 65-78.) The origin of the Divine Office and of the rites for sacraments and sacramentals in the Byzantine Church is more difficult to trace. It is worn with vestments as well as in ordinary life. St. John became Patriarch of Constantinople in 397; he reigned there till 403, was then banished, but came back in the same year; was banished again in 404, and died in exile in 407. There is of course no further Proskomide, but the preparatory prayers are said by celebrant and deacon as usual. The doors are opened and the deacon says, Draw near in the fear of God and with faith. What Can You Tell Me about the Byzantine Rite of the Catholic Church? A comparison of the Liturgy of Chrysostom with that of Basil will show that it follows the same order and is shortened considerably in the text of the prayers; a further comparison of its text with the numerous allusions to the rite of the Holy Eucharist in Chrysostoms homilies will show that the oldest form we have of the Liturgy agrees substantially with the one he describes (Brightman, 530-534). The Byzantine Rite, sometimes called the Rite of Constantinople or Constantinopolitan Rite, is the liturgical rite used currently (in various languages) by all the Eastern Orthodox Churches and by the Greek-Catholic Churches (Eastern Catholic Churches which use the Byzantine Rite). ), St. Cosmas the singer (eighth cent. Byzantine Church is the Eastern Church that prays to the divinity of Christ. : and make this bread the precious Body of thy Christ ). These rites are . Confirmation has become the usual rite of admittance into their Church, even in the case of apostates who have already been confirmed orthodoxly. Its membership includes inhabitants of Greece, Turkey, Italy, and Corsica . Otherwise the canon is always about the feast on which it is sung, and much ingenuity is expended in forcing some connexion between the event of the day and the allusions in the canticles. cit., 414). Basil (d. 379) the oldest of its two Liturgies. It should be noted that all the time that the choir are singing or litanies being said the priest is saying other prayers silently (mvv-riKwr). They count the Holy meeting (with St. Simeon, 2 February), the Annunciation (25 March), the Awakening of Lazarus (Saturday before Palm Sunday), etc., as feasts of Our Lord. This ending was added to the Our Father in the Codex of the New Testament used by St. Chrysostom (cf. -The Rite of Constantinople now used throughout the Orthodox Church does not maintain any principle of uniformity in language. The deacon wears the sticharion and epimanikia, but no girdle. . The canonical hours are very long and complicated, lasting about eight hours (longer during Great Lent) but are abridged outside of large . It is . We may, then, suppose that by his time the Liturgy of Caesarea had been considerably lengthened by additional prayers (this is the common development of Liturgies). So that more than a hundred millions of Christians perform their devotions according to the Rite of Constantinople. After some more prayers at the altar, different in the two liturgies, the deacon cries out, The doors! In any case, then, we must go back to the original Antiochene Rite as the source. Greek Byzantine Catholic Church - Wikipedia There is no reason to doubt this tradition in the main issue. How confession is different in the Byzantine tradition --Aleteia Then: Drink ye all of this, this is my Blood of the New Testament that is shed for you and for many for the forgiveness of sins. R. Amen-as before. Then come prayers for the catechumens, and they are dismissed by the deacon: All catechumens go out. For example, Baptism, Eucharist, and Confirmation are all received on the same day of initiation in the faith. His Sixth Oration (P. G., XXXV, 721 sq.) One of the best is that of St. Annes (Melkite) College at Jerusalem, trained by the French Peres Blanes. Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church - Wikipedia It is not said aloud, but at the end he lifts up his voice and says: Crying, singing, proclaiming the hymn of victory and saying:-and the choir sings Holy, Holy, Holy etc., as in our Mass. . The Orthodox now say that they are not, and the deacon puts them into the chalice after the Communion. With regard to the Divine Office especially, it has the same general principles in East and West from a very early age (see Breviary). What are Our Rites: An Introduction to Byzantine Catholicism At the head of all Eastern rites stand the uses of Antioch and Alexandria. to Complin (dirnrvov) as the monks evening prayer. Through-out this year fall a great number of feasts. In various countries the came prayers and forms are translated (with unimportant variations) into what is supposed to be more or less the vulgar tongue. We may perhaps find the trace of a similar action on their part in the case of the Office. The celebrant then drinks of the chalice with a corresponding form-The precious and all-holy Blood-and communicates the deacon as before. Lesser and later Churches do not invent an entirely new service for themselves, but form their practice on the model of one of these two. But their scales are different. The heritage of the liturgy is Syrian and Palestinian, going back to the two great Syrian centers of Antioch and Jerusalem. The Byzantine Rite, the largest Eastern Rite, is based on the Rite of St. James of Jerusalem with the later reforms of St. St. Paula, Martyr, a Christian maiden of Byzantium who was tortured and beheaded A.D. 273. There are manySacramentals. The rest of the clergy are Communicated from the portion marked IE, that has been put into the chalice and is therefore soaked in the consecrated wine, with one form (The precious and all-holy Body and Blood). The ceremonies per-formed by the deacon at the words of Institution are a later addition. Secular priests say part of it, as their devotion dictates. Another greeting (Peace to all) with its answer introduced the manual acts, first an Elevation with the words Holy things for the holy etc., the Breaking of Bread and the Communion under both kinds. The Orthodox never re-baptize when they are sure of the validity of former baptism; but they reconfirm continually. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Rite of Constantinople (Byzantine Rite) The liturgical year in the Byzantine Rite - mci.archpitt.org Deacon: Amen. It has been suggested that the oldest form of the Nestorian Liturgy is the original Byzantine Rite, the one that St. Chrysostom found in use when he became patriarch (Probst, Lit. Did you know there are various rites within the Catholic Churc? Not one of the catechumens [shall stay].-Of course nowadays there are no catechumens.-The prayers for the catechumens bring us to the first variant between the two Liturgies. Eastern Protestant Christianity - Wikipedia ]Meanwhile the celebrant says other prayers. Here ends the Anaphora. The Byzantine liturgy takes its name from Byzantium, the little Greek colony on the Bosphorus which Constantine made his capital in the year 230. But the now extant Liturgy of St. James (in Brightman, Liturgies Eastern and Western, 31-68) has itself been considerably modified in later years. This ceremony, now interpreted mystically as a symbol of adoring angels, was certainly once a practical precaution. History Eventually the Eastern Office admits short services (herr6wpat) between the day Hours, and between Vespers and Complin. When we say, then, that the rite of Constantinople that bears his name is the Liturgy of St. James as modified by St. The Dolnitskij and Mikita commentaries on the Typikon provide information on local traditions used in the Ukrainian and Ruthenian Catholic Churches. cit., 374 and 401). Byzantine Catholic Tradition + Liturgy | Blessed is She The Albanian Rite, centered in Albania, reunited with . The prayer for the dead came before that for the living (ibid., 216-415). There is reason to believe that that use, while retaining the essential order of the original Antiochene service, had already considerably modified various parts, especially the actual prayers. ad Fulgent, vii, 25, in P. L., LXV, 449). Basil (De Spir. It is derived from that of Antioch. Bishops are selected from the celibate clergy. It is really a portable altar. The Office is divided into the hours named above (under Service-books) which correspond to ours, with additional short hours (met-6wpa) intermediate between Prime, Terce, Sext, None, and Vespers. Provost ALExIOs MALTZEW (of the Russian Embassy church at Berlin) has edited all the books in Old Slavonic with a parallel German translation and notes (Berlin, 1892); RENAUDOT, Liturgiarum orientalium collectio (2d ed., 2 vols., Frankfort, 1847); NEALE, The Liturgies of St. Mark, St. James, St. Clement, St. Chrysostom, St. Into this frame a number of famous poets have fitted a long succession of canons (unmetrical hymns); of these poets St. Romanos the singer (sixth cent. ; ROBERTSON, The Divine Liturgies of Our Fathers among the Saints John Chrysostom, Basil the Great and that of the Presanctified (Greek and English, London, 1894); DE MEESTER, La divine liturgie de S. Jean Chrysostome (Greek and French, Paris, 1907); H Ocia Acrvovpyia, 1repre~ovoa Tbv E o7rlprvov, K. T. A. One of these, Pere Rebours, has written an exhaustive and practical treatise of their chant ( Traite de psaltique etc. But in the Levant, at any rate, the Liturgy is always sung, and incense is always used; so that the minimum of persons required for the Liturgy is a celebrant, server, and one other man who forms the choir. Eastern Catholic Churches - Wikipedia cit., 423-424). That the original rite that stands at the head of this line of development is that of Antioch is proved from the disposition of the present Liturgy of St. The first rubric directs that the celebrant must be reconciled to all men, keep his heart from evil thoughts, and be fasting since midnight. Upright!-aorta. cit., 354-356). the Preparation of the Offerings (apoo????) It is probably the most beautiful and suitable church music in the world. It is true that most of these homilies were preached at Antioch (387-397) before he went to Constantinople. The vessels used for the holy Liturgy are the chalice and paten (SioKos), which latter is much larger than ours and has a foot to stand it (it is never put on the chalice), the asteriskos (avTepiQKOS) a cross of bent metal that stands over the paten to pre-vent the veil from touching the holy bread, the spoon (Aafcs) for giving Communion, the spear (XoyX-i) to cut up the bread, and the fan (jic7rllcov) which the deacon waves over the Blessed Sacrament-this is a flat piece of metal shaped like an angels head with six wings and a handle. -The Byzantine Rite has no such compendiums as our Missal and Breviary; it is contained in a number of loosely arranged books. By this time (1908) they are thirteen days behind us. East-ern Church, 398-401). The Antiochene manner of keeping this Office was famous all over the East. The deacon has gone back to the celebrants side. cit., 156-164) with almost endless pneums. Since the Barberini Euchologion (ninth cent.) Proklos (Proclus) of Constantinople (d. 446) writes: When the great Basil . Basil ascribed to Amphilochios (P. G., XXIX, 301, 302) quotes as composed by him the beginning of the Introduction-prayer and that of the Elevation exactly as they are in the existing Liturgy (Brightman, 319, 341). The Byzantine Rite Catholic Church resulted from efforts by the Roman Catholic Church to convert Eastern Orthodox Christians in the old Austro-Hungarian Empire during the 16th and 17th centuries. Matrimony(ya,Ltos) is often called the crowning (vreq)avw,ua) from the practice of crowning the spouses (Euch., 238-252). It is said entirely only by monks. [See ALTAR (IN THE GREEK CHURCH)] Behind the altar, round the apse, are seats for priests with the bishops throne in the middle (in every church). Cosmas and Damian, and other saints. But on the weekdays in Lent (except Saturdays) they may not consecrate, so they use for them the Liturgy of the Presanctified. 6 Ways Byzantine Catholic Lent is Different From Roman Catholic Lent The deacon winds his orarion (stole) around his body, the curtain of the royal doors (they have besides the doors a curtain that is continually drawn backward and forward during the Liturgy) is drawn back, and the celebrant elevates the Holy Eucharist saying, Holy things for the holy, to which the answer is: One only is holy, one only is Lord, Jesus Christ in the glory of God the Father. The deacon unwinds his orarion, goes back to the choir before the ikonostasis, and says a short litany again with the choir. Even apart from the external evidence a comparison of the two liturgies will show that Constantinople follows Antioch in the disposition of the parts. THE LITURGICAL YEAR according to THE BYZANTINE TRADITION The liturgical year is a system of yearly church celebrations by which the faithful repeatedly relive the salutary mysteries of their salvation. The sticharion and epitrachelion are held together by the zone (N)v77, girdle), a narrow belt of stuff with clasps. It is embroidered with the word APIOM three times. [3] [4] [1] Its liturgical usage is that of the Byzantine Rite in the Hungarian language . (I.go-00r XpivTbs v4). He therefore left out a great part and shortened all the forms lest anyone . NI. Basil in its oldest extant form is substantially authentic, namely, from the beginning of the Anaphora to the Communion. There is also an Athenian edition; and the Churches that use translations have published their versions. The Liturgy of the Presanctified is fitted into the general framework of St. Chrysostoms Rite. This service, that in the Latin Church now occurs only on Good Friday, was at one time used on the aliturgical days of Lent everywhere (see Liturgical Days and Duchesne, Origines, 222, 238). It has been attributed to various persons-St. James, St. Peter, St. The Uniats, however, in this, as in many other ways, imitate the Latin custom. The form is (for deacons): The grace of God, that always strengthens the weak and fills the empty, appoints the most religious sub-deacon N. to be deacon. Nevertheless the present ceremonies and the Cherubic Chant that accompany the Great Entrance are a later development (Brightman, op. The vast majority of Eastern Catholics are members of this ancient rite, as are most Eastern . This parent rite comprises many rites, which are themselves highly ethnic oriented. The tradition of the Church of Constantinople ascribes the oldest of its two Liturgies to St. It originated in Constantinople, which was the city of Byzantium in ancient times. Baptism is always conferred by immersion (the Orthodox have grave doubts as to the validity of baptism by infusion.-See Fortescue, Orth. It's called Great Lent. The Tabernacle or Ciborium. Virgin on the left), before which rows of lamps are hung. Basil now used in the Orthodox and Melkite (or Melchite) Churches (Euchologion, Venice, 1898, pp. The Great Litany is introduced into the middle of Vespers. cii), and the celebrant at the altar says a prayer. Essentially it consists in psalm-singing. They divide them into three categories, feasts of our Lord (*prat 8E?7rortKai), of the Mother of God (OeoflrpLKai), and of the saints (reap ayiwv). Over the wrists he wears the epimanikia (brimaviKLa), cuffs or gloves with the part for the hand cut off. The vestments were once the same as the Latin ones, though now they look very different. The institutional Russian Catholic Church began in the 19th century as the result of a movement involving Vladimir Soloviev and Rev. The antimension (avrcmiivvcov) is a kind of corporal containing relics that is spread out at the beginning of the Liturgy. The Liturgy of St. Chrysostom, as being the one commonly used, is always printed first in the Euchologia. The hymn Oats ixap6v (see below) is sung as usual, and the lessons are read. The form is: The servant of God N. is baptized in the name of the Father, Amen, and of the Son, Amen, and of the Holy Ghost, Amen. Confirmation follows at once and is conferred by priests (the Holy See recognizes this confirmation as valid and neither rebaptizes nor reconfirms converts from Orthodoxy). Those other particles (prosphora) originally cut off from the bread have lain on the diskos (paten) since the proskomide. Gr., XXXII, 763). The Inclination follows. Horn. cit., 386), and that the continuation (especially the disconnected interruption: God be merciful to me a sinner, now inserted into the Epiklesis; Maltzew, Die jLiturgien etc., Berlin, 1894, p. 88) are a later addition (op. . Old Slavonic and the semi-classical Arabic in which it is sung are dead languages. There is, then, no difficulty in supposing that it had penetrated to Antioch and was already abridged there into the Liturgy of Chrysostom before that saint brought this abridged form to Constantinople. There remains the third, the Liturgy of the Presanctified (rwv apo, ycaauevwv). The Trisagion (Holy God, Holy Strong One, Holy Immortal One, have mercy on us) at the Little Entrance is s: id to have been revealed to Proklos of Constantinople (434-47, St. John Dam., De Fide Orth., III, 10); this probably gives the date of its insertion into the Liturgy. Even apart from the external evidence a comparison of the two liturgies will show that Constantinople follows Antioch in the disposition of the parts.
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